多肽修飾:特殊氨基酸
	合生生物提供特殊氨基酸,包括N-methyl amino acids(N-甲基氨基酸), unnatural amino acids(非天然氨基酸), acetyl-lysine(乙酰賴氨酸), beta-alanine(β-Ala), aminobenzoic acid(對氨苯甲酸), Amidation(酰胺化), Acetylation(乙?;饔茫? Abu, citrulline(瓜氨酸), Acm, dimethyl-Lysine(二甲基賴氨酸), Hydroxy-proline (羥基脯氨酸,Hyp), methyl-Lysine(甲基賴氨酸), mercaptopropionic acid(巰基丙酸), Nitro-Tyrosine(硝基酪氨酸), Norleucine (正亮氨酸,Nle), Pyro-Glutamic acid (焦谷氨酸,Pyr), carbobenzoxyl (芐氧羰基,Z), succinic acid(琥珀酸), sulfurylation(磺?;┑取?/span> 
	
	N-甲基氨基酸 
	N甲基α氨基酸是天然存在抗生素的重要構成元素。眾所周知,N甲基氨基酸也是增加藥代動力學的有利參數(shù),如膜的通透性、蛋白水解的穩(wěn)定性和構象的剛性。大多數(shù)多肽是很容易被消化酶水解或腸道吸收效果差,因而不適宜口服,用N甲基氨基酸替換不僅增加肽酶的穩(wěn)定性,而且可提高腸道的通透性。 
	合生生物的N甲基氨基酸及其它們的N-保護衍生物的制備包括:Na-Boc或 Cbz保護氨基酸直接烷基化;N-苯甲基氨基酸經(jīng)還原性甲基化作用后氫解或還原N-Fmoc-oxazolidinones(噁唑烷酮)或在三氟乙酸中用三乙基硅烷羥還原甲基衍生物。然而帶有反應性側鏈的氨基酸可能會較難處理。就每一個氨基酸而言,針對側鏈保護應采取不同的策略或方案,以保證成功合成。 
	
		
 
	
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		{Cys(Me)}, SMC 
	
 
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		{ADMA},{Arg(Me)2} asymmetrical 
	
 
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		{SDMA},{Arg(Me)2} symmetrical 
	
 
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		{Arg(Me)} 
	
 
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		{Thr(Me)} 
	
 
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		{Ser(Me)} 
	
 
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		{Lys(Me)} 
	
 
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		{Lys(Me2)} 
	
 
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		{Lys(Me3)} 
	
 
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		{L-1-Me-Trp} 
	
 
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		{L-2-Me-Trp} 
	
 
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		{D-2-Me-Trp} 
	
 
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		{Tyr(Me)} 
	
 
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		{Tyr(Et)} 
	
 
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		{D-Tyr(Et)} 
	
 
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		{Orn(Me)3} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Gly}, Sar 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Ser} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Tyr} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Thr} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Asp} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Glu} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Ala} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Phe} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Leu} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Ile} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Val} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Met} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Nle} 
	
 
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		{N-Me-Nva} 
	
 
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		More... 
	
 
	含有特殊氨基酸的多肽可能優(yōu)勢包括:: 
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		通過減少骨干的靈活性,來提高受體的結合和受體選擇性 
	
 
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		通過抑制氫鍵來改善體內半衰期 
	
 
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		增加跨膜通透性或血腦屏障 
	
 
	特殊氨基酸 
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		{Cys(Cam)} 
	
 
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		{D-Cys(Cam) 
	
 
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		{Cys(Acm)} 
	
 
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		{Cys(tBu)} 
	
 
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		{Cys(StBu)} 
	
 
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		{Cys(Nitosothiols)} 
	
 
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		{Cys(Pyrene-Maleimide)} 
	
 
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		{Gamma-Glu} 
	
 
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		{D-Gamma-Glu} 
	
 
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		{Beta-Asp} 
	
 
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		{D-Beta-Asp} 
	
 
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		{Met(O)} 
	
 
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		{D-Met(O)} 
	
 
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		{Lys(Ac)} 
	
 
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		{Ac-Lys} 
	
 
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		{Lys(Dde)} 
	
 
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		{Gly(allyl)} 
	
 
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		{D-Gly(allyl)} 
	
 
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		{Cpg}, Cyclopentylglycine 
	
 
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		{Tle} 
	
 
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		{Ser(Octanoic acid)} 
	
 
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		{Ser(Lipoic acid)} 
	
 
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		{D-Ser(Octanoic acid)} 
	
 
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		{3-Ala(2-thienyl)-OH} 
	
 
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		{3-Ala(3-thienyl)-OH} 
	
 
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		{Aib} 
	
 
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		{Abu} 
	
 
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		{D-Abu} 
	
 
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		{Hyp} 
	
 
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		{Phg} 
	
 
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		{D-Phg} 
	
 
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		{Nva} 
	
 
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		{D-Nva} 
	
 
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		{Nle} 
	
 
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		{D-Nle} 
	
 
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		{Cit} 
	
 
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		{D-Cit} 
	
 
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		{Orn} 
	
 
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		{D-Orn} 
	
 
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		{Pen} 
	
 
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		{D-Pen} 
	
 
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		{Cha} 
	
 
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		{D-Cha} 
	
 
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		{Chg} 
	
 
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		{D-Chg} 
	
 
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		{Dab} 
	
 
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		{Dap} 
	
 
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		{Pra} 
	
 
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		{D-Pra} 
	
 
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		{Allo-Thr} 
	
 
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		{D-Allo-Thr} 
	
 
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		More... 
	
 
熒光基團 
	
	
	- 
		Biotin (N terminus) 
	
 
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		DeThioBiotin 
	
 
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		EDBiotin (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Biotin) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(Biotin) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(LC-Biotin) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(LC-Biotin) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Biotin) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Biotin-LC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Orn(Bio) 
	
 
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		-NH-PEG3-Bio 
	
 
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		FITC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		EDFITC (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(FITC) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(FITC) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(FITC) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		FITC-LC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		5-FAM (N terminus) 
	
 
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		6-FAM (N terminus) 
	
 
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		ED5-FAM (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(5-FAM) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(5,6-FAM) 
	
 
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		Lys(5-FAM) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(5-FAM) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		5-FAM-LC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Dansyl (N terminus) 
	
 
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		EDDansyl (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Dansyl) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(Dansyl) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Dansyl) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Dansyl-LC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		TAMRA (N terminus) 
	
 
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		5(6)-TAMTA- 
	
 
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		EDTAMRA (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(TAMRA) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(TAMRA) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(TAMRA) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		TAMRA-LC (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Dnp) (middle) 
	
 
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		D-Lys(Dnp) (middle) 
	
 
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		Dab(Dnp) (middle) 
	
 
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		Dap(Dnp) (middle) 
	
 
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		EDDnp (C terminus) 
	
 
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		MCA (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(MCA) (middle) 
	
 
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		Lys(MCA) (C terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(MCA) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		3-Indolylacetic acid (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Cys(Npys) (N terminus) 
	
 
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		PyBA- (N terminus), 1-pyrenebutyric acid 
	
 
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		Lys(PyBA) 
	
 
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		Fa- (N terminus), 3-[2-2furyl]acrylic acid 
	
 
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		Rhodamine B- (N terminus) 
	
 
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		Lys(Rhodamine B) 
	
 
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		Fluorophore Absorption and Emission Peak Values